Introduction
While this is by no means a complete list, and I do not pretend to be a veterinarian, both
Pug owners and breeders should be familiar with these terms and conditions in order to be
informed, and in order to seek proper care for their Pugs. I will add any information on
each condition as I have available, and will indicate those things breeders should especially
take note of that occur with the reproduction process and in newborn puppies. For more
information, do not hesitate to contact me via email at:
windwalkerpugs@yahoo.com
While I do not have first hand experience with many of these conditions, I do have a vast
network of other Pug friends and may be drawing on their experience, so I might refer you
to someone with a better understanding of a specific condition.
If in doubt, always consult your veterinarian. DO NOT refer to this information in an
emergency situation!!! Seek immediate medical attention for your Pug, as this is meant to
be an informational tool, ONLY, and should not be a substitute for veterinary care!!!
That said, many things that baffle Pug owners and their vets can be simple to correct, if
the experience of other Pug owners is utilized and prevention and caution, along with a
good dose of common sense are applied. Pugs are not built like most other breeds of dogs,
and their unique structure presents some unique issues.
Just remember, you know your dog better than anyone, and it’s up to you to be his or her
primary care giver. All your information regarding your Pug should always be considered by
a veterinarian when making a diagnosis. You are your Pug’s guardian and protector, and only
you can speak for your Pug when things are not right with them.
Just like a human infant, your Pug needs you to protect and love them, and any health
issues should be discussed and understood prior to treatment, if possible. This will ensure
your Pug lives a long healthy and happy life.
I have broken down the list of common Pug conditions and health issues into sections. The
first being Pug eyes, since these are the most delicate and easily injured part of your Pug’
s anatomy. I’ve added a definition and more information when I could. I suggest you do a
Yahoo search for more information on each subject, for more details.
Pug Eyes
1. Aberrant cilia: eyelashes growing abnormally, such as rubbing against the eyeball. Can
be a serious condition if rubbing against the eyeball. Can lead to corneal ulcers.
2. Burn-out lashes: stitch skin so lashes don't rub. Not life threatening, but very
uncomfortable for the dog.
3. Corneal dystrophy: an abnormality of the cornea usually characterized by shallow pits
in the surface.
4. Corneal ulcer, superficial: an erosion of the outer membrane and outer surface of the
cornea.
6. Distichiasis: abnormally growing eyelashes.
7. Entropion: an abnormal rolling in of the eyelid.
8. Keratitis sicca: a condition where one or both eyes do not produce a normal amount or
type of tears.
9. Pannus: an immunologic eye disease characterized by abnormal growth of tissue over
the cornea.
10. Pigmentary keratitis: an inflammatory condition of the cornea characterized by
abnormal pigmentation.
11. Progressive retinal atrophy: a disease where the retina slowly deteriorates,
producing night blindness.
12. Ulcerative keratitis: an inflammation of the cornea characterized by the formation of
ulcers.
Pug Teeth
1. Abnormal dentition: abnormal placement, number and development of teeth. A common
abnormality in canine dentition is retention of deciduous (baby) teeth. This occurs when
the permanent tooth bud does not grow immediately beneath the deciduous tooth, and
therefore does not cause the roots of the deciduous tooth to be reabsorbed. If a
retained tooth causes the permanent tooth to erupt in an abnormal position or causes
other types of problems, it should be extracted.
2. Malocclusion: a condition where the teeth do not meet properly.
3. Retained baby teeth: a common occurrence in young Pugs. Ask your vet to check for
retained baby teeth when you have your puppy spay/neutered. Or, if you acquire an adult
Pug, when having your Pug's teeth cleaned, be sure to tell your vet to remove any retained
baby teeth that need to come out.
Pug Skin
1. Acne: same thing, as in humans, affects the muzzle and lip areas. The condition starts
before or at puberty around 5 to 8 months of age. Most dogs improve with age and the
condition typically resolves after one year of age, though some dogs can develop chronic
acne. Dogs with canine acne develop multiple blackheads (or whiteheads) on their chin, lips,
and muzzle. Plugs of debris made of natural substances such as keratin and sebum block
the hair follicles, causing focal swellings which can rupture to form scabs. Dogs with this
condition have swellings, scabs and blackheads on their lips, chin and muzzle.
Black Pugs seem to have a higher instance of these and cysts in the area between their
toes. These usually do not bother the dog unless a secondary bacterial skin infection
develops. This can cause pain and itching, leading the dog to scratch at his/her face or rub
it along the carpet. Diagnosis is usually straight forward – the characteristic appearance
described above, in one of the known susceptible breeds is usually sufficient. Your vet may
decide to take a skin biopsy for confirmation, which can be done under sedation, local or
general anaesthetic and then sent off to a histopathologist for analysis.
2. Demodicosis: a kind of skin disease (mange) caused by microscopic Demodex canis
mites living within the skin layers and producing an immunodeficiency syndrome. This is a
common side affect of over-vaccination, or the onset of puberty in the unaltered Pug. A
veterinarian should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment options.
3. Dermatitis, atopic: inflammation and subsequent infection of the skin due to atopy.
4. Dermoid cyst: a small growth composed of skin-like structures.
5. Acute moist dermatitis: known as "hot spots," a localized area of a severely itchy,
inflamed and oozing dermatitis exacerbated by the animal's intense licking and chewing at
the spot. Also known as Acute Moist Dermatitis or Moist Eczema. "Hot Spots" can
seemingly appear spontaneously anywhere on a dogs body and the area involved can rapidly
spread. This raw, unsightly skin disorder has a variety of causes but the most consistent
factor is a bacterial infection. There are a number of kinds of bacteria that can be
cultured from a hot spot and fortunately most respond to oral and topical antibiotics.
Anything that irritates or breaks the skin can create the right environment for bacterial
contamination if the skin surface is wet. The body’s response is either to itch or become
inflamed. My personal observations have shown this to be the most common indication of a
food allergy. Itching will then causes the dog to lick or chew the area, which further
damages the skin, and creates a cycle of itching, scratching and chewing.
If left to develop the infection goes into the deep layers of the skin. Hot spots tend to
occur most often in the summer months, and dogs with matted, dirty coats are at greater
risk of developing them. Some owners keep their long haired dogs shaved in the summer,
which helps prevent the thick coat from covering any dampness on the surface of the skin.
Regular grooming enables swift intervention if a hot spot is developing; often they will
simply get worse and worse until treated so veterinary help is advisable. A hot spot that is
left untreated may turn into a lick granuloma, which can be difficult to get rid of. Typical
locations for "hot spots" are the side of the face and the flank areas. Golden retrievers
and young dogs seem to be predisposed, while they are seldom, if ever, found in cats. What
to look out for – Scratching or biting at one area incessantly – A patch of hair loss with
reddened moist skin, often with a film of pus – Scabs and crusts – Surrounding hair wet
from saliva. Diagnosis is usually obvious from the clinical signs, but your veterinarian may
be inclined to search for any contributing factors by doing allergy testing, or take a
bacteriology swab so that antibiotic selection is targeted specifically at the bacterium
responsible.
If the hot spot is on the dogs back leg it is worth checking the anal glands are not the
source of the discomfort by emptying them. Treatment – Clip the hair around the hot spot.
The hot spot may be more extensive than it originally appears. Clipping will expose the area
to the air and accelerate healing (scabbing over) – Topical medication: the area can be
cleaned with an antiseptic solution such as chlorhexidine, and a topical antibiotic cream
applied. There is little point of this if the dog will simply lick the cream off (i.e. use buster
collar, or only use topical cream if hot spot on face) – Break the scratch cycle. To allow the
hot spot to heal, the dog must stop scratching at it. A one off steroid injection is usually
very effective, but sometimes a short course of oral steroids is necessary. Your dog may
be more hungry and thirsty while receiving corticosteroids, this is a common side effect.
As a consequence, the dog may need to urinate more frequently than normal. – Oral
antibiotics. The best way to deal with a deep skin infection is to deliver antibiotics to the
site of the hot spot via the blood stream. If a hot spot is quite advanced, at least a 10-14
day course of a broad spectrum antibiotic is required to prevent immediate recurrence. –
Elimination of predisposing factors: aggressive flea control, investigation to rule out food
and pollen allergies etc.
6. Facial fold dermatitis: an infection of the facial skin caused by unusual or excessive
skin folds. This can be treated topically with an anti-bacterial and fungal ear cleaner. (See
my Links page for more information and where to order ear cleaner.)
7. Tail fold dermatitis: a skin infection caused by abnormal tissue folds around the tail,
which traps bacteria and fungus. If your Pug becomes obsessed with itching their butt just
above the top of their tail, try a little anti-fungal foot powder.
Pug Allergies
1. Allergies: same as in humans. Dogs can be allergic to things they come in contact with,
eat or inhale. They might be scratching like crazy, digging open sores on tortured skin,
sores that cause infections, foul odors, and misery – and the culprits could well be part of
their natural environment. In short, your Pug might be allergic to flea saliva, grass or tree
pollen, mold spores, microscopic spider-cousins that live in dust bunnies, or an ingredient in
commercial dog food. Most of what I've seen has been a food allergy, usually to the type of
meat in their dog food. You can eliminate most allergens by feeding a high quality food
without a lot of added fillers and chemical preservatives. Pollen and dust granules are
inhaled by dogs just as they are by dog owners, but instead of producing sinus congestion
and a sore throat, they cause the skin to itch, the hair to fall out, and, with prolonged
scratching, the eruption of pustules that often become infected.
Most of what I've seen when pollen is the cause has been dry eyes caused be clogged tear
ducts and increased mucus (clear) in the sinuses, which leads to reverse sneezing. Allergic
dry eye can be helped by the application of artificial tears twice a day during the pollen
season. A flea or two can add to the misery, and if Lad is allergic to something in his diet
as well, watch out. Allergies can lead to stomach and intestinal problems, including vomiting
and diarrhea, and are often accompanied by ear infections. Some breeds of dogs seem to
be prone to development of allergies, but all dogs can be affected. Elimination of fleas will
prevent flea allergies. Talk to you breeder, or your vet about a good flea preventative
that is safe for your Pug.
2. Atopic dermatitis: a skin disease caused by a dog's reaction to an inhalant allergy.
3. Atopy: an allergy caused from things dogs inhale.
Inhalant allergies
Allergens are substances in the environment that cause the immune system to react as if
invaded by a foreign body. If all dogs reacted to these substances, they would not be
allergens, they would be toxins.
These allergens cause mast cells in the skin and basophils (specialized white blood cells) in
the blood to release antibodies that contain histamines, serotonin, and leukotrienes. These
antibodies are responsible for allergy symptoms.
Some inhalant allergies are seasonal. Dogs may be affected by inhaling grass pollen in
spring and summer or ragweed pollen in late summer and early autumn. If this is the case,
the dog will start to scratch and bite his body, lick his paws, shake his head, and rub his
face along the carpet for relief from the itch when pollen grains are swirling in the air.
(Also see main allergy section above.) However, many dogs suffering from allergies itch
somewhat year-round because they are also affected by household dust, mold spores, and
other irritants.
Treatment for inhalant allergies ranges from keeping your Pug comfortable with cool baths
in shampoos or rinses containing aloe vera, oatmeal, or eucalyptus to drug therapy to
interrupt the itch cycle until the skin can be healed and the allergen has (hopefully)
diminished. Inclusion of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids in the diet can also help keep
skin supple and healthy. Many dog food companies add these fatty acids to their premium
foods. Supplements such as Sea Meal provide not only the Omega oils but also a balance of
vitamins and minerals necessary for good skin and coat health. Environmental controls
include frequent vacuuming and dusting of the areas where the dog spends time and
keeping his bedding dust-free.
Some dogs may get relief from antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl),
clemastine (Tavist) or chlorapheniramine (Chlortrimetron), but owners should ask their
veterinarian for proper dosage for their pet and may have to try more than one before
finding the formula that helps. Steroids such as prednisone interfere with the immune
system function so that the body no longer considers the allergens to be invaders.
Steroids should be used carefully and sparingly as they may cause liver problems and, in
older dogs, can trigger a form of Cushing’s disease. Steroids also increase appetite and
thirst, cause more frequent urination, and can increase aggression in some dogs. However,
small doses of predisone can be invaluable in treating a dog with chronic or acute allergic
reactions when all else fails. Dogs with allergies can scratch and bite themselves into skin
infections that need treatment with antibiotics. Prednisone is often prescribed for these
dogs to get the itching under control while the antibiotic deals with the bacterial infection.
Fleas
Some dogs become allergic to flea saliva. If this is the case, the bite of a single flea can
send a dog into a paroxysm of chewing, especially around his tail and on his belly and inside
hind legs. Dogs with flea bite allergy are often frantic to ease the itching and may chew
themselves raw.
Top on the list for avoiding flea bite dermatitis is to control fleas. First line of defense is
regular grooming of the dog, right down to the skin, to find fleas or flea droppings. Flea
products are much safer for dogs and dog owners these days. Veterinarians have an
arsenal of flea products to choose from, including once-a-month treatments and pills and
shampoos, sprays, and premise foggers with growth regulators and genetically-engineered
pyrethrin (daisy) ingredients. Many over-the-counter flea products also contain growth
regulators and pyrethrins.
Some dog owners swear by garlic and brewer’s yeast to keep fleas away, but no evidence
exists to prove these plant products are valuable preventives. Other dog owners plant
herbs such as pennyroyal, southernwood, or wormwood around dog kennels or near
doorways and use herbal flea collars, brush lavendar or eucalyptus oil into the dog’s coat
once a week, or sprinkle dried leaves of lavendar, rosemary, sage, or eucalyptus in the dog’
s bed to keep the little bloodsuckers at bay, but the jury is still out on effectiveness.
While waging all-out war on fleas, dog owners should also use the same treatments that
work for inhalant allergies to reduce the itching and ease the discomfort of irritated skin.
Food allergies
Some dogs that have allergies to other components of their environment will also exhibit
some dietary problems, but whether these problems are true food allergies is often
difficult to ascertain.
If food allergy is suspected, veterinarian can prescribe diets with protein and
carbohydrate sources and other nutrients that the dog has not been exposed to. Lamb and
rice used to be the combination of choice, but most premium dog food companies now have
a lamb and rice diet, so hypoallergenic diets of fish and potatoes or venison and rice have
taken their place.
Dr. Lowell Ackerman, a veterinary dermatologist, recommends home-cooked diets when
food allergies or intolerances are suspected.
“Any suitable protein source may be mixed with rice and/or potatoes to create a
hypoallergenic meal,” Ackerman wrote in Skin and Haircoat Problems in Dogs. “The meal is
prepared by mixing one part lamb, rabbit, or venison (or other protein source to which the
dog has never been exposed) with two parts rice and/or potatoes. All ingredients should be
served boiled and fed in the same total volume as the pet’s normal diet. Once cooked, the
meal can be packaged in individual portions, frozen, and then thawed as needed. This diet is
not to be fed long-term. It is not nutritionally balanced to be a regular diet. It is only fed
for one or two months at a time as a test diet.”
When trying to isolate a food allergen, the dog must not get anything but the prescribed
diet. If the dog tolerates the food well and the symptoms decline or disappear, other
foods can be gradually reintroduced to determine which ingredient is the culprit. If the
symptoms are not alleviated in four weeks, another hypoallergenic diet can be tried, and if
it is not successful, further diagnostic tests are indicated.
If your Pug makes you sneeze . . .
Just as Pugsley may be allergic to grass pollen or dust mites, so Pugsley’s owner may be
allergic to something about his pet. Allergies often develop slowly as the body becomes
sensitive to various things in the environment; just as the final straw is rumored to have
broken the camel’s back, so the final allergen may trigger attacks and make life miserable.
Fortunately, there are things to do to minimize the impact so that Pugsley can remain with
the family.
“If you are allergic to six things, get rid of three of them, and you may drop below your
allergic threshold and become symptom-free,” said Dr. Karen Campbell, a small animal
veterinarian at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine.
Allergies to pets are caused by dander, hair or skin proteins, saliva, or fur itself. These
hints can help minimize contact with these allergens and alleviate the discomfort they
cause so that the pet can stay in the home or the family can acquire a puppy:
1. If looking for a puppy, choose a breed that doesn’t drop dead hair. DO NOT GET A
PUG!!! Hard-coated terriers, Poodles, and Bichon Frisé are considered to be
hypoallergenic, that is, less likely to cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. (They
are also less likely to drool, lessening the chance that saliva will cause allergic reactions in
family members.)
2. Keep Pugsley’s skin healthy so that dander and skin eruptions don’t become problems.
Bathe him every few weeks with a mild herbal or medicated shampoo, use a canine cream
rinse on his coat, and feed him a diet or supplements that contain Omega 3 and Omega 6
fatty acids.
3. Ask a non-allergic family member or friend to brush him often.
4. Discourage Pugley from licking or mouthing family members, sleeping on the bed, or
climbing on the furniture.
5. Do not allow Pugsley to sleep in the bedroom.
6. Wash dog bedding frequently to avoid build-up of dander, drool, dust, or hair.
7. Eliminate as many other allergens from the home environment as possible by vacuuming
and dusting often, using an electrostatic air purifier, changing furnace filters regularly,
and moderating or ending use of perfumed cleaners or deodorizers that cause allergic
reactions.
Pug Structure
1. Legg-Perthes disease: a disease where the blood vessels feeding the femoral head
(top part of the thigh bone) shrink, leading to starvation and death of the femoral head
(the ball of the ball-and-socket joint of the hip). Also called Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.
This is something that usually happens before a Pug reaches 10 months of age. Early
diagnosis is important, so if your Pug starts limping, take him to the vet immediately!
2. Patella luxation: a condition where the knee caps slide in and out of place.
3. Elongated soft palate: the soft palate is abnormally long and causes breathing
disorders.
4. Collapsed trachea: a condition where the cartilage rings that make up the trachea are
malformed and tend to collapse easily.
5. Hip dysplasia: a developmental malformation or subluxation of the hip joints.
6. Hanging tongue: a syndrome where the tongue does not retract into the mouth
properly, due to neurologic or anatomic defects.
7. Stenotic nares: a condition where the openings of the nose (nares) are too small.
8. Undershot jaw: a condition where the lower jaw is too long for the upper jaw. While a
slightly undershot jaw is normal for a well bred Pug, severe undershot jaws can lead to wry
mouth, hanging tongue, and dental problems.
Pug Spines
1. Cervical disc disease: a degeneration or malformation of the cushioning discs between
the spinal column bones (vertebrae) in the neck. One of the cardinal signs of cervical disk
disease is neck pain. Dogs display this pain by tightened neck muscles, reluctance to move
the neck, inability to lower the head to eat or drink, and painful cries when the neck is
manipulated or touched. Their posture reminds you of a turtle with its head partially pulled
into its shell. They may also walk with the back in an arched position to try to straighten
and lower the neck to avoid pain.
Unfortunately this posture is often misinterpreted as a sign of back pain. Probably all
three types of pain (diskogenic, meningeal and radicular) are involved. Nagging neck pain
that responds to appropriate medications and then recurs when medications are withdrawn
is a very typical history. Large quantities of herniated disk material can lie on the floor of
the spinal canal without proprioceptive or motor deficits ever being observed because
there simply isn't enough pressure on the spinal cord. However the irritation causing the
pain remains and surgical removal of the herniated material is the only solution. If enough
disk material herniates, ataxia and perhaps motor deficits may be seen. Classically all four
limbs will be affect but this can be highly variable. If disk material herniates mainly to one
side, only the limbs on that side of the body may be affected. Low cervical disk herniations
may cause only forelimb or only hind limb involvement. Luckily there is seldom enough
pressure on the spinal cord in cervical disk herniation to cause a loss of deep pain sensation.
2. Hemi-vertebra: a particular kind of malformation of the vertebra where only half of
the structure is formed. Can lead to partial or complete paralysis of the hindquarters.
Symptoms usually appear before six months of age and will become stable at or before 13
months of age, or when the growth plates close.
3. Intervertebral disc disease: a disease where the discs between the vertebrae are
abnormal and prone to rupture and misplacement. Intervertebral disk herniation is usually
suspected based on the signalmen (breed, age, sex), history of appropriate clinical
dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or thoracolumbar areas. To make a
positive diagnosis, spinal radiographs or x-rays will need to be taken. It is absolutely
imperative that no movement occur and that the muscles along the spinal column be
relaxed if an accurate assessment of vertebral relationships and disk spaces is to be
made. Consequently, the only way to get good quality spinal x-rays is by administering a
general anesthetic to the affected dog. The only exception would be if some other physical
abnormality, such as severe heart disease, precludes this being done safely. In that event,
surgical intervention is probably also not an option and specifically locating the offending
disk is not necessary to carry out good medical therapy.
Pug Whelping Issues
1. Dystocia: complications of the birth process (difficult birth).
2. Eclampsia: convulsions usually seen around the time of parturition (whelping).
IMMEDIATE veterinary attention is required to check blood calcium levels and correct
before death occurs!!!
3. Uterine inertia, primary: a condition where the uterus does not have the muscular
strength to proceed with the birth process.
4. Cesarean Section: We have had excellent success using Propofol, Isoflurane, IV fluids
(0 .9 saline or 2.5 % dextrose) and glycopyrrolate (does not cross blood brain barrier like
atropine), but whenever possible it is best to give the mom plenty of oxygen first, then
mask her down and avoid pre-medications. The most important factor for the puppies is
aspirating off excess fluid from the lungs with a bulb syringe.
5. Vaginal hyperplasia: an overgrowth of tissues of the vagina.
6. Prolapsed uterus: a condition where the uterus protrudes into the vaginal canal or
through the vaginal opening.
7. Pyometra: a bacterial infection of the uterus where it fills with pus. This is a life-
threatening condition, which can usually only be treated by immediately spaying your girl.
Reproduction Specialist Veterinarians are the ONLY vets qualified to treat this condition
medically! If you see pus or a thick, tomato paste type discharge from your unspayed
female, seek medical attention for her IMMEDIATELY to save her life!!! Symptoms may
or may not be present, and usually occur after a recent heat cycle or breeding. Loss of
appetite, lethargy, restlessness, and or fever are also indications of "closed pyro," which
will not include a discharge, but which is even more dangerous.
Pug Puppy Issues
1. Anasarca: a condition where neonatal puppies have an abnormal accumulation of fluids in
their tissues. While pregnant watch closely for signs of excess water retention. This can
be picked up by ultrasound. Some breeders also note a shiny purple appearance around the
nipples as a warning sign. Low sodium diets have helped anecdotally from some of our
breeders as well as prescribing hydrochlorthiazide as a diuretic (see your vet). "Anasarca"
or Congenital Lethal Edema which results in puppies that are swollen many times normal
size and weight (nicknamed walrus or water puppies). These puppies are too large to
deliver and while born alive, they seldom live more than 30 minutes, unless treatment with
lasix immediately follows, and/or a c-section is performed three days prior to the
expected due date. (This can ONLY be done if Progesterone testing has been done and the
date ovulation occurred has been established.)
2. Cleft lip: a condition where the two halves of the upper lip do not join together. Cleft
palate and cleft lip are often seen together.
3. Cleft palate: a condition where the roof of the mouth is not closed and the inside of
the nose opens into the mouth. Other malformations of internal organs is usually present,
so the prognosis is usually not good for pups born with this congenital condition. If
correctable, any underlying defects may still result in the death of the puppy at a very
young age.
4. Cryptorchidism: a condition where one testicle does not descend into the scrotal sac.
5. Hermaphroditism: a syndrome where the individual has anatomical features of both
sexes.
6. Hydrocephalus: a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
ventricles of the brain. This condition usually results in the death of the pup within a few
days or weeks. If the pup survives, it will require special care for the rest of its life.
7. Open fontanel: a condition where the suture lines between bones of the skull do not
fuse together properly. Common in Toy breeds, the skull usually closes as the puppy
matures.
8. Umbilical hernia: a break in the abdominal muscle wall at the point where the umbilical
cord enters the body. Can be the result of trauma on the umbilical cord during the whelping
process.
9. Hypoglycemia: a syndrome where the animal has abnormally low blood glucose. Can cause
a young puppy to collapse and even have a mild seizure if not treated. Pug puppies are most
susceptible to this condition when they have not eaten for 6 hours or more.
Pug Pee
1. Cystinuria: an abnormal excretion of a substance (cystine) in the urine. Can lead to the
formation of crystals in the bladder which become a breeding ground for infection. Always
a possible problem when alkaline drinking water is given. Can be treated easily if drinking
water is the proper ph, and not allowed to become too high in alkaline ph.
2. Cystitis and cystic calculi: infection of the bladder which often leads to formation of
abnormal mineral deposits (bladder stones).
Pug Brains
1. Encephalitis: an inflammatory condition of the brain causing signs of central nervous
system dysfunction and epilepsy (seizures). A unique form of encephalitis unique to the Pug
breed and is called "Pug Dog Encephalitis."
2. Epilepsy: a disease characterized by convulsions (seizures) and/or disturbances of
consciousness.
Misc. Pug Conditions
1. Hepatic portosystemic shunt or arteriovenous fistula: a malformation of blood
vessels in the liver or an abnormal communication between the arteries and veins in the
liver. This condition usually results in smaller than normal size, since the nutrition from
food is not being absorbed properly.
2. Inguinal hernia: a break in the muscular layer of the body wall occurring at the inguinal
canal (where the back leg meets the body).
3. Kidney aplasia, unilateral: a developmental abnormality where one kidney fails to
develop. Also called renal agenesis.
4. Mastocytoma: a cancer developing from a type of tissue cell known as a mast cell.
5. Syncope: a brief period of fainting or collapse. Pugs are prone to this if their airway is
constricted for even short periods of time.
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We will add additional information as we have time, and/or as it becomes available.
Last update 8/28/2008
While this is by no means a complete list, and I do not pretend to be a veterinarian, both
Pug owners and breeders should be familiar with these terms and conditions in order to be
informed, and in order to seek proper care for their Pugs. I will add any information on
each condition as I have available, and will indicate those things breeders should especially
take note of that occur with the reproduction process and in newborn puppies. For more
information, do not hesitate to contact me via email at:
windwalkerpugs@yahoo.com
While I do not have first hand experience with many of these conditions, I do have a vast
network of other Pug friends and may be drawing on their experience, so I might refer you
to someone with a better understanding of a specific condition.
If in doubt, always consult your veterinarian. DO NOT refer to this information in an
emergency situation!!! Seek immediate medical attention for your Pug, as this is meant to
be an informational tool, ONLY, and should not be a substitute for veterinary care!!!
That said, many things that baffle Pug owners and their vets can be simple to correct, if
the experience of other Pug owners is utilized and prevention and caution, along with a
good dose of common sense are applied. Pugs are not built like most other breeds of dogs,
and their unique structure presents some unique issues.
Just remember, you know your dog better than anyone, and it’s up to you to be his or her
primary care giver. All your information regarding your Pug should always be considered by
a veterinarian when making a diagnosis. You are your Pug’s guardian and protector, and only
you can speak for your Pug when things are not right with them.
Just like a human infant, your Pug needs you to protect and love them, and any health
issues should be discussed and understood prior to treatment, if possible. This will ensure
your Pug lives a long healthy and happy life.
I have broken down the list of common Pug conditions and health issues into sections. The
first being Pug eyes, since these are the most delicate and easily injured part of your Pug’
s anatomy. I’ve added a definition and more information when I could. I suggest you do a
Yahoo search for more information on each subject, for more details.
Pug Eyes
1. Aberrant cilia: eyelashes growing abnormally, such as rubbing against the eyeball. Can
be a serious condition if rubbing against the eyeball. Can lead to corneal ulcers.
2. Burn-out lashes: stitch skin so lashes don't rub. Not life threatening, but very
uncomfortable for the dog.
3. Corneal dystrophy: an abnormality of the cornea usually characterized by shallow pits
in the surface.
4. Corneal ulcer, superficial: an erosion of the outer membrane and outer surface of the
cornea.
6. Distichiasis: abnormally growing eyelashes.
7. Entropion: an abnormal rolling in of the eyelid.
8. Keratitis sicca: a condition where one or both eyes do not produce a normal amount or
type of tears.
9. Pannus: an immunologic eye disease characterized by abnormal growth of tissue over
the cornea.
10. Pigmentary keratitis: an inflammatory condition of the cornea characterized by
abnormal pigmentation.
11. Progressive retinal atrophy: a disease where the retina slowly deteriorates,
producing night blindness.
12. Ulcerative keratitis: an inflammation of the cornea characterized by the formation of
ulcers.
Pug Teeth
1. Abnormal dentition: abnormal placement, number and development of teeth. A common
abnormality in canine dentition is retention of deciduous (baby) teeth. This occurs when
the permanent tooth bud does not grow immediately beneath the deciduous tooth, and
therefore does not cause the roots of the deciduous tooth to be reabsorbed. If a
retained tooth causes the permanent tooth to erupt in an abnormal position or causes
other types of problems, it should be extracted.
2. Malocclusion: a condition where the teeth do not meet properly.
3. Retained baby teeth: a common occurrence in young Pugs. Ask your vet to check for
retained baby teeth when you have your puppy spay/neutered. Or, if you acquire an adult
Pug, when having your Pug's teeth cleaned, be sure to tell your vet to remove any retained
baby teeth that need to come out.
Pug Skin
1. Acne: same thing, as in humans, affects the muzzle and lip areas. The condition starts
before or at puberty around 5 to 8 months of age. Most dogs improve with age and the
condition typically resolves after one year of age, though some dogs can develop chronic
acne. Dogs with canine acne develop multiple blackheads (or whiteheads) on their chin, lips,
and muzzle. Plugs of debris made of natural substances such as keratin and sebum block
the hair follicles, causing focal swellings which can rupture to form scabs. Dogs with this
condition have swellings, scabs and blackheads on their lips, chin and muzzle.
Black Pugs seem to have a higher instance of these and cysts in the area between their
toes. These usually do not bother the dog unless a secondary bacterial skin infection
develops. This can cause pain and itching, leading the dog to scratch at his/her face or rub
it along the carpet. Diagnosis is usually straight forward – the characteristic appearance
described above, in one of the known susceptible breeds is usually sufficient. Your vet may
decide to take a skin biopsy for confirmation, which can be done under sedation, local or
general anaesthetic and then sent off to a histopathologist for analysis.
2. Demodicosis: a kind of skin disease (mange) caused by microscopic Demodex canis
mites living within the skin layers and producing an immunodeficiency syndrome. This is a
common side affect of over-vaccination, or the onset of puberty in the unaltered Pug. A
veterinarian should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment options.
3. Dermatitis, atopic: inflammation and subsequent infection of the skin due to atopy.
4. Dermoid cyst: a small growth composed of skin-like structures.
5. Acute moist dermatitis: known as "hot spots," a localized area of a severely itchy,
inflamed and oozing dermatitis exacerbated by the animal's intense licking and chewing at
the spot. Also known as Acute Moist Dermatitis or Moist Eczema. "Hot Spots" can
seemingly appear spontaneously anywhere on a dogs body and the area involved can rapidly
spread. This raw, unsightly skin disorder has a variety of causes but the most consistent
factor is a bacterial infection. There are a number of kinds of bacteria that can be
cultured from a hot spot and fortunately most respond to oral and topical antibiotics.
Anything that irritates or breaks the skin can create the right environment for bacterial
contamination if the skin surface is wet. The body’s response is either to itch or become
inflamed. My personal observations have shown this to be the most common indication of a
food allergy. Itching will then causes the dog to lick or chew the area, which further
damages the skin, and creates a cycle of itching, scratching and chewing.
If left to develop the infection goes into the deep layers of the skin. Hot spots tend to
occur most often in the summer months, and dogs with matted, dirty coats are at greater
risk of developing them. Some owners keep their long haired dogs shaved in the summer,
which helps prevent the thick coat from covering any dampness on the surface of the skin.
Regular grooming enables swift intervention if a hot spot is developing; often they will
simply get worse and worse until treated so veterinary help is advisable. A hot spot that is
left untreated may turn into a lick granuloma, which can be difficult to get rid of. Typical
locations for "hot spots" are the side of the face and the flank areas. Golden retrievers
and young dogs seem to be predisposed, while they are seldom, if ever, found in cats. What
to look out for – Scratching or biting at one area incessantly – A patch of hair loss with
reddened moist skin, often with a film of pus – Scabs and crusts – Surrounding hair wet
from saliva. Diagnosis is usually obvious from the clinical signs, but your veterinarian may
be inclined to search for any contributing factors by doing allergy testing, or take a
bacteriology swab so that antibiotic selection is targeted specifically at the bacterium
responsible.
If the hot spot is on the dogs back leg it is worth checking the anal glands are not the
source of the discomfort by emptying them. Treatment – Clip the hair around the hot spot.
The hot spot may be more extensive than it originally appears. Clipping will expose the area
to the air and accelerate healing (scabbing over) – Topical medication: the area can be
cleaned with an antiseptic solution such as chlorhexidine, and a topical antibiotic cream
applied. There is little point of this if the dog will simply lick the cream off (i.e. use buster
collar, or only use topical cream if hot spot on face) – Break the scratch cycle. To allow the
hot spot to heal, the dog must stop scratching at it. A one off steroid injection is usually
very effective, but sometimes a short course of oral steroids is necessary. Your dog may
be more hungry and thirsty while receiving corticosteroids, this is a common side effect.
As a consequence, the dog may need to urinate more frequently than normal. – Oral
antibiotics. The best way to deal with a deep skin infection is to deliver antibiotics to the
site of the hot spot via the blood stream. If a hot spot is quite advanced, at least a 10-14
day course of a broad spectrum antibiotic is required to prevent immediate recurrence. –
Elimination of predisposing factors: aggressive flea control, investigation to rule out food
and pollen allergies etc.
6. Facial fold dermatitis: an infection of the facial skin caused by unusual or excessive
skin folds. This can be treated topically with an anti-bacterial and fungal ear cleaner. (See
my Links page for more information and where to order ear cleaner.)
7. Tail fold dermatitis: a skin infection caused by abnormal tissue folds around the tail,
which traps bacteria and fungus. If your Pug becomes obsessed with itching their butt just
above the top of their tail, try a little anti-fungal foot powder.
Pug Allergies
1. Allergies: same as in humans. Dogs can be allergic to things they come in contact with,
eat or inhale. They might be scratching like crazy, digging open sores on tortured skin,
sores that cause infections, foul odors, and misery – and the culprits could well be part of
their natural environment. In short, your Pug might be allergic to flea saliva, grass or tree
pollen, mold spores, microscopic spider-cousins that live in dust bunnies, or an ingredient in
commercial dog food. Most of what I've seen has been a food allergy, usually to the type of
meat in their dog food. You can eliminate most allergens by feeding a high quality food
without a lot of added fillers and chemical preservatives. Pollen and dust granules are
inhaled by dogs just as they are by dog owners, but instead of producing sinus congestion
and a sore throat, they cause the skin to itch, the hair to fall out, and, with prolonged
scratching, the eruption of pustules that often become infected.
Most of what I've seen when pollen is the cause has been dry eyes caused be clogged tear
ducts and increased mucus (clear) in the sinuses, which leads to reverse sneezing. Allergic
dry eye can be helped by the application of artificial tears twice a day during the pollen
season. A flea or two can add to the misery, and if Lad is allergic to something in his diet
as well, watch out. Allergies can lead to stomach and intestinal problems, including vomiting
and diarrhea, and are often accompanied by ear infections. Some breeds of dogs seem to
be prone to development of allergies, but all dogs can be affected. Elimination of fleas will
prevent flea allergies. Talk to you breeder, or your vet about a good flea preventative
that is safe for your Pug.
2. Atopic dermatitis: a skin disease caused by a dog's reaction to an inhalant allergy.
3. Atopy: an allergy caused from things dogs inhale.
Inhalant allergies
Allergens are substances in the environment that cause the immune system to react as if
invaded by a foreign body. If all dogs reacted to these substances, they would not be
allergens, they would be toxins.
These allergens cause mast cells in the skin and basophils (specialized white blood cells) in
the blood to release antibodies that contain histamines, serotonin, and leukotrienes. These
antibodies are responsible for allergy symptoms.
Some inhalant allergies are seasonal. Dogs may be affected by inhaling grass pollen in
spring and summer or ragweed pollen in late summer and early autumn. If this is the case,
the dog will start to scratch and bite his body, lick his paws, shake his head, and rub his
face along the carpet for relief from the itch when pollen grains are swirling in the air.
(Also see main allergy section above.) However, many dogs suffering from allergies itch
somewhat year-round because they are also affected by household dust, mold spores, and
other irritants.
Treatment for inhalant allergies ranges from keeping your Pug comfortable with cool baths
in shampoos or rinses containing aloe vera, oatmeal, or eucalyptus to drug therapy to
interrupt the itch cycle until the skin can be healed and the allergen has (hopefully)
diminished. Inclusion of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids in the diet can also help keep
skin supple and healthy. Many dog food companies add these fatty acids to their premium
foods. Supplements such as Sea Meal provide not only the Omega oils but also a balance of
vitamins and minerals necessary for good skin and coat health. Environmental controls
include frequent vacuuming and dusting of the areas where the dog spends time and
keeping his bedding dust-free.
Some dogs may get relief from antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl),
clemastine (Tavist) or chlorapheniramine (Chlortrimetron), but owners should ask their
veterinarian for proper dosage for their pet and may have to try more than one before
finding the formula that helps. Steroids such as prednisone interfere with the immune
system function so that the body no longer considers the allergens to be invaders.
Steroids should be used carefully and sparingly as they may cause liver problems and, in
older dogs, can trigger a form of Cushing’s disease. Steroids also increase appetite and
thirst, cause more frequent urination, and can increase aggression in some dogs. However,
small doses of predisone can be invaluable in treating a dog with chronic or acute allergic
reactions when all else fails. Dogs with allergies can scratch and bite themselves into skin
infections that need treatment with antibiotics. Prednisone is often prescribed for these
dogs to get the itching under control while the antibiotic deals with the bacterial infection.
Fleas
Some dogs become allergic to flea saliva. If this is the case, the bite of a single flea can
send a dog into a paroxysm of chewing, especially around his tail and on his belly and inside
hind legs. Dogs with flea bite allergy are often frantic to ease the itching and may chew
themselves raw.
Top on the list for avoiding flea bite dermatitis is to control fleas. First line of defense is
regular grooming of the dog, right down to the skin, to find fleas or flea droppings. Flea
products are much safer for dogs and dog owners these days. Veterinarians have an
arsenal of flea products to choose from, including once-a-month treatments and pills and
shampoos, sprays, and premise foggers with growth regulators and genetically-engineered
pyrethrin (daisy) ingredients. Many over-the-counter flea products also contain growth
regulators and pyrethrins.
Some dog owners swear by garlic and brewer’s yeast to keep fleas away, but no evidence
exists to prove these plant products are valuable preventives. Other dog owners plant
herbs such as pennyroyal, southernwood, or wormwood around dog kennels or near
doorways and use herbal flea collars, brush lavendar or eucalyptus oil into the dog’s coat
once a week, or sprinkle dried leaves of lavendar, rosemary, sage, or eucalyptus in the dog’
s bed to keep the little bloodsuckers at bay, but the jury is still out on effectiveness.
While waging all-out war on fleas, dog owners should also use the same treatments that
work for inhalant allergies to reduce the itching and ease the discomfort of irritated skin.
Food allergies
Some dogs that have allergies to other components of their environment will also exhibit
some dietary problems, but whether these problems are true food allergies is often
difficult to ascertain.
If food allergy is suspected, veterinarian can prescribe diets with protein and
carbohydrate sources and other nutrients that the dog has not been exposed to. Lamb and
rice used to be the combination of choice, but most premium dog food companies now have
a lamb and rice diet, so hypoallergenic diets of fish and potatoes or venison and rice have
taken their place.
Dr. Lowell Ackerman, a veterinary dermatologist, recommends home-cooked diets when
food allergies or intolerances are suspected.
“Any suitable protein source may be mixed with rice and/or potatoes to create a
hypoallergenic meal,” Ackerman wrote in Skin and Haircoat Problems in Dogs. “The meal is
prepared by mixing one part lamb, rabbit, or venison (or other protein source to which the
dog has never been exposed) with two parts rice and/or potatoes. All ingredients should be
served boiled and fed in the same total volume as the pet’s normal diet. Once cooked, the
meal can be packaged in individual portions, frozen, and then thawed as needed. This diet is
not to be fed long-term. It is not nutritionally balanced to be a regular diet. It is only fed
for one or two months at a time as a test diet.”
When trying to isolate a food allergen, the dog must not get anything but the prescribed
diet. If the dog tolerates the food well and the symptoms decline or disappear, other
foods can be gradually reintroduced to determine which ingredient is the culprit. If the
symptoms are not alleviated in four weeks, another hypoallergenic diet can be tried, and if
it is not successful, further diagnostic tests are indicated.
If your Pug makes you sneeze . . .
Just as Pugsley may be allergic to grass pollen or dust mites, so Pugsley’s owner may be
allergic to something about his pet. Allergies often develop slowly as the body becomes
sensitive to various things in the environment; just as the final straw is rumored to have
broken the camel’s back, so the final allergen may trigger attacks and make life miserable.
Fortunately, there are things to do to minimize the impact so that Pugsley can remain with
the family.
“If you are allergic to six things, get rid of three of them, and you may drop below your
allergic threshold and become symptom-free,” said Dr. Karen Campbell, a small animal
veterinarian at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine.
Allergies to pets are caused by dander, hair or skin proteins, saliva, or fur itself. These
hints can help minimize contact with these allergens and alleviate the discomfort they
cause so that the pet can stay in the home or the family can acquire a puppy:
1. If looking for a puppy, choose a breed that doesn’t drop dead hair. DO NOT GET A
PUG!!! Hard-coated terriers, Poodles, and Bichon Frisé are considered to be
hypoallergenic, that is, less likely to cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. (They
are also less likely to drool, lessening the chance that saliva will cause allergic reactions in
family members.)
2. Keep Pugsley’s skin healthy so that dander and skin eruptions don’t become problems.
Bathe him every few weeks with a mild herbal or medicated shampoo, use a canine cream
rinse on his coat, and feed him a diet or supplements that contain Omega 3 and Omega 6
fatty acids.
3. Ask a non-allergic family member or friend to brush him often.
4. Discourage Pugley from licking or mouthing family members, sleeping on the bed, or
climbing on the furniture.
5. Do not allow Pugsley to sleep in the bedroom.
6. Wash dog bedding frequently to avoid build-up of dander, drool, dust, or hair.
7. Eliminate as many other allergens from the home environment as possible by vacuuming
and dusting often, using an electrostatic air purifier, changing furnace filters regularly,
and moderating or ending use of perfumed cleaners or deodorizers that cause allergic
reactions.
Pug Structure
1. Legg-Perthes disease: a disease where the blood vessels feeding the femoral head
(top part of the thigh bone) shrink, leading to starvation and death of the femoral head
(the ball of the ball-and-socket joint of the hip). Also called Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.
This is something that usually happens before a Pug reaches 10 months of age. Early
diagnosis is important, so if your Pug starts limping, take him to the vet immediately!
2. Patella luxation: a condition where the knee caps slide in and out of place.
3. Elongated soft palate: the soft palate is abnormally long and causes breathing
disorders.
4. Collapsed trachea: a condition where the cartilage rings that make up the trachea are
malformed and tend to collapse easily.
5. Hip dysplasia: a developmental malformation or subluxation of the hip joints.
6. Hanging tongue: a syndrome where the tongue does not retract into the mouth
properly, due to neurologic or anatomic defects.
7. Stenotic nares: a condition where the openings of the nose (nares) are too small.
8. Undershot jaw: a condition where the lower jaw is too long for the upper jaw. While a
slightly undershot jaw is normal for a well bred Pug, severe undershot jaws can lead to wry
mouth, hanging tongue, and dental problems.
Pug Spines
1. Cervical disc disease: a degeneration or malformation of the cushioning discs between
the spinal column bones (vertebrae) in the neck. One of the cardinal signs of cervical disk
disease is neck pain. Dogs display this pain by tightened neck muscles, reluctance to move
the neck, inability to lower the head to eat or drink, and painful cries when the neck is
manipulated or touched. Their posture reminds you of a turtle with its head partially pulled
into its shell. They may also walk with the back in an arched position to try to straighten
and lower the neck to avoid pain.
Unfortunately this posture is often misinterpreted as a sign of back pain. Probably all
three types of pain (diskogenic, meningeal and radicular) are involved. Nagging neck pain
that responds to appropriate medications and then recurs when medications are withdrawn
is a very typical history. Large quantities of herniated disk material can lie on the floor of
the spinal canal without proprioceptive or motor deficits ever being observed because
there simply isn't enough pressure on the spinal cord. However the irritation causing the
pain remains and surgical removal of the herniated material is the only solution. If enough
disk material herniates, ataxia and perhaps motor deficits may be seen. Classically all four
limbs will be affect but this can be highly variable. If disk material herniates mainly to one
side, only the limbs on that side of the body may be affected. Low cervical disk herniations
may cause only forelimb or only hind limb involvement. Luckily there is seldom enough
pressure on the spinal cord in cervical disk herniation to cause a loss of deep pain sensation.
2. Hemi-vertebra: a particular kind of malformation of the vertebra where only half of
the structure is formed. Can lead to partial or complete paralysis of the hindquarters.
Symptoms usually appear before six months of age and will become stable at or before 13
months of age, or when the growth plates close.
3. Intervertebral disc disease: a disease where the discs between the vertebrae are
abnormal and prone to rupture and misplacement. Intervertebral disk herniation is usually
suspected based on the signalmen (breed, age, sex), history of appropriate clinical
dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or thoracolumbar areas. To make a
positive diagnosis, spinal radiographs or x-rays will need to be taken. It is absolutely
imperative that no movement occur and that the muscles along the spinal column be
relaxed if an accurate assessment of vertebral relationships and disk spaces is to be
made. Consequently, the only way to get good quality spinal x-rays is by administering a
general anesthetic to the affected dog. The only exception would be if some other physical
abnormality, such as severe heart disease, precludes this being done safely. In that event,
surgical intervention is probably also not an option and specifically locating the offending
disk is not necessary to carry out good medical therapy.
Pug Whelping Issues
1. Dystocia: complications of the birth process (difficult birth).
2. Eclampsia: convulsions usually seen around the time of parturition (whelping).
IMMEDIATE veterinary attention is required to check blood calcium levels and correct
before death occurs!!!
3. Uterine inertia, primary: a condition where the uterus does not have the muscular
strength to proceed with the birth process.
4. Cesarean Section: We have had excellent success using Propofol, Isoflurane, IV fluids
(0 .9 saline or 2.5 % dextrose) and glycopyrrolate (does not cross blood brain barrier like
atropine), but whenever possible it is best to give the mom plenty of oxygen first, then
mask her down and avoid pre-medications. The most important factor for the puppies is
aspirating off excess fluid from the lungs with a bulb syringe.
5. Vaginal hyperplasia: an overgrowth of tissues of the vagina.
6. Prolapsed uterus: a condition where the uterus protrudes into the vaginal canal or
through the vaginal opening.
7. Pyometra: a bacterial infection of the uterus where it fills with pus. This is a life-
threatening condition, which can usually only be treated by immediately spaying your girl.
Reproduction Specialist Veterinarians are the ONLY vets qualified to treat this condition
medically! If you see pus or a thick, tomato paste type discharge from your unspayed
female, seek medical attention for her IMMEDIATELY to save her life!!! Symptoms may
or may not be present, and usually occur after a recent heat cycle or breeding. Loss of
appetite, lethargy, restlessness, and or fever are also indications of "closed pyro," which
will not include a discharge, but which is even more dangerous.
Pug Puppy Issues
1. Anasarca: a condition where neonatal puppies have an abnormal accumulation of fluids in
their tissues. While pregnant watch closely for signs of excess water retention. This can
be picked up by ultrasound. Some breeders also note a shiny purple appearance around the
nipples as a warning sign. Low sodium diets have helped anecdotally from some of our
breeders as well as prescribing hydrochlorthiazide as a diuretic (see your vet). "Anasarca"
or Congenital Lethal Edema which results in puppies that are swollen many times normal
size and weight (nicknamed walrus or water puppies). These puppies are too large to
deliver and while born alive, they seldom live more than 30 minutes, unless treatment with
lasix immediately follows, and/or a c-section is performed three days prior to the
expected due date. (This can ONLY be done if Progesterone testing has been done and the
date ovulation occurred has been established.)
2. Cleft lip: a condition where the two halves of the upper lip do not join together. Cleft
palate and cleft lip are often seen together.
3. Cleft palate: a condition where the roof of the mouth is not closed and the inside of
the nose opens into the mouth. Other malformations of internal organs is usually present,
so the prognosis is usually not good for pups born with this congenital condition. If
correctable, any underlying defects may still result in the death of the puppy at a very
young age.
4. Cryptorchidism: a condition where one testicle does not descend into the scrotal sac.
5. Hermaphroditism: a syndrome where the individual has anatomical features of both
sexes.
6. Hydrocephalus: a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
ventricles of the brain. This condition usually results in the death of the pup within a few
days or weeks. If the pup survives, it will require special care for the rest of its life.
7. Open fontanel: a condition where the suture lines between bones of the skull do not
fuse together properly. Common in Toy breeds, the skull usually closes as the puppy
matures.
8. Umbilical hernia: a break in the abdominal muscle wall at the point where the umbilical
cord enters the body. Can be the result of trauma on the umbilical cord during the whelping
process.
9. Hypoglycemia: a syndrome where the animal has abnormally low blood glucose. Can cause
a young puppy to collapse and even have a mild seizure if not treated. Pug puppies are most
susceptible to this condition when they have not eaten for 6 hours or more.
Pug Pee
1. Cystinuria: an abnormal excretion of a substance (cystine) in the urine. Can lead to the
formation of crystals in the bladder which become a breeding ground for infection. Always
a possible problem when alkaline drinking water is given. Can be treated easily if drinking
water is the proper ph, and not allowed to become too high in alkaline ph.
2. Cystitis and cystic calculi: infection of the bladder which often leads to formation of
abnormal mineral deposits (bladder stones).
Pug Brains
1. Encephalitis: an inflammatory condition of the brain causing signs of central nervous
system dysfunction and epilepsy (seizures). A unique form of encephalitis unique to the Pug
breed and is called "Pug Dog Encephalitis."
2. Epilepsy: a disease characterized by convulsions (seizures) and/or disturbances of
consciousness.
Misc. Pug Conditions
1. Hepatic portosystemic shunt or arteriovenous fistula: a malformation of blood
vessels in the liver or an abnormal communication between the arteries and veins in the
liver. This condition usually results in smaller than normal size, since the nutrition from
food is not being absorbed properly.
2. Inguinal hernia: a break in the muscular layer of the body wall occurring at the inguinal
canal (where the back leg meets the body).
3. Kidney aplasia, unilateral: a developmental abnormality where one kidney fails to
develop. Also called renal agenesis.
4. Mastocytoma: a cancer developing from a type of tissue cell known as a mast cell.
5. Syncope: a brief period of fainting or collapse. Pugs are prone to this if their airway is
constricted for even short periods of time.
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We will add additional information as we have time, and/or as it becomes available.
Last update 8/28/2008
| Pug Health Issues By Sandra Morgan |
| All materials on these pages were created and remain private property and as such are protected under the copyright laws of the United States of America. DO NOT copy or distribute without written permission! |
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WindWalker Pugs
WindWalker Pugs is an AKC Registered Kennel Name.
