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Pug Health Issues!
Introduction
While this is by no means a complete list, and I do not pretend to be a veterinarian, both Pug owners and
breeders should be familiar with these terms and conditions in order to be informed, and in order to seek
proper care for their Pugs. I will add any information on each condition as I have available, and will indicate those
things breeders should especially take note of that occur with the reproduction process and in newborn puppies.
For more information, do not hesitate to contact me via email at:
windwalkerpugs@yahoo.com
While I do not have first hand experience with many of these conditions, I do have a vast network of other Pug
friends and may be drawing on their experience, so I might refer you to someone with a better understanding of
a specific condition.
If in doubt, always consult your veterinarian. DO NOT refer to this information in an emergency situation!!! Seek
immediate medical attention for your Pug, as this is meant to be an informational tool, ONLY, and should not be a
substitute for veterinary care!!!
That said, many things that baffle Pug owners and their vets can be simple to correct, if the experience of other
Pug owners is utilized and prevention and caution, along with a good dose of common sense are applied. Pugs are
not built like most other breeds of dogs, and their unique structure presents some unique issues.
Just remember, you know your dog better than anyone, and it’s up to you to be his or her primary care giver. All
your information regarding your Pug should always be considered by a veterinarian when making a diagnosis. You
are your Pug’s guardian and protector, and only you can speak for your Pug when things are not right with them.
Just like a human infant, your Pug needs you to protect and love them, and any health issues should be discussed
and understood prior to treatment, if possible. This will ensure your Pug lives a long healthy and happy life.
I have broken down the list of common Pug conditions and health issues into sections. The first being Pug eyes,
since these are the most delicate and easily injured part of your Pug’s anatomy. I’ve added a definition and more
information when I could. I suggest you do a Yahoo search for more information on each subject, for more details.
Pug Eyes
1. Aberrant cilia: eyelashes growing abnormally, such as rubbing against the eyeball. Can be a serious
condition if rubbing against the eyeball. Can lead to corneal ulcers.
2. Burn-out lashes: stitch skin so lashes don't rub. Not life threatening, but very uncomfortable for the dog.
3. Corneal dystrophy: an abnormality of the cornea usually characterized by shallow pits in the surface.
4. Corneal ulcer, superficial: an erosion of the outer membrane and outer surface of the cornea.
5. Epiphora: abnormal draining of tears often due to overproduction.
6. Distichiasis: abnormally growing eyelashes.
7. Entropion: an abnormal rolling in of the eyelid.
8. Keratitis sicca: a condition where one or both eyes do not produce a normal amount or type of tears.
9. Pannus: an immunologic eye disease characterized by abnormal growth of tissue over the cornea.
10. Pigmentary keratitis: an inflammatory condition of the cornea characterized by abnormal pigmentation.
11. Progressive retinal atrophy: a disease where the retina slowly deteriorates, producing night blindness.
12. Ulcerative keratitis: an inflammation of the cornea characterized by the formation of ulcers.
Pug Teeth
1. Abnormal dentition: abnormal placement, number and development of teeth. A common abnormality in
canine dentition is retention of deciduous (baby) teeth. This occurs when the permanent tooth bud does not grow
immediately beneath the deciduous tooth, and therefore does not cause the roots of the deciduous tooth to be
reabsorbed. If a retained tooth causes the permanent tooth to erupt in an abnormal position or causes other
types of problems, it should be extracted.
2. Malocclusion: a condition where the teeth do not meet properly.
3. Retained baby teeth: a common occurrence in young Pugs. Ask your vet to check for retained baby teeth
when you have your puppy spay/neutered. Or, if you acquire an adult Pug, when having your Pug's teeth cleaned,
be sure to tell your vet to remove any retained baby teeth that need to come out.
Pug Skin
1. Acne: same thing, as in humans, affects the muzzle and lip areas. The condition starts before or at
puberty around 5 to 8 months of age. Most dogs improve with age and the condition typically resolves after one
year of age, though some dogs can develop chronic acne. Dogs with canine acne develop multiple blackheads (or
whiteheads) on their chin, lips, and muzzle. Plugs of debris made of natural substances such as keratin and sebum
block the hair follicles, causing focal swellings which can rupture to form scabs. Dogs with this condition have
swellings, scabs and blackheads on their lips, chin and muzzle. Black Pugs seem to have a higher instance of these
and cysts in the area between their toes. These usually do not bother the dog unless a secondary bacterial skin
infection develops. This can cause pain and itching, leading the dog to scratch at his/her face or rub it along the
carpet. Diagnosis is usually straight forward – the characteristic appearance described above, in one of the
known susceptible breeds is usually sufficient. Your vet may decide to take a skin biopsy for confirmation, which
can be done under sedation, local or general anaesthetic and then sent off to a histopathologist for analysis.
2. Demodicosis: a kind of skin disease (mange) caused by microscopic Demodex canis mites living within the
skin layers and producing an immunodeficiency syndrome. This is a common side affect of over-vaccination, or the
onset of puberty in the unlatered Pug. A veterinarian should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment options.
3. Dermatitis, atopic: inflammation and subsequent infection of the skin due to atopy.
4. Dermoid cyst: a small growth composed of skin-like structures.
5. Acute moist dermatitis: known as "hot spots," a localized area of a severely itchy, inflamed and oozing
dermatitis exacerbated by the animal's intense licking and chewing at the spot. Also known as Acute Moist
Dermatitis or Moist Eczema. Hot Spots can seemingly appear spontaneously anywhere on a dogs body and the
area involved can rapidly spread. This raw, unsightly skin disorder has a variety of causes but the most consistent
factor is a bacterial infection. There are a number of kinds of bacteria that can be cultured from a hot spot and
fortunately most respond to oral and topical antibiotics. Anything that irritates or breaks the skin can create the
right environment for bacterial contamination if the skin surface is wet. The body’s response is either to itch or
become inflamed. My personal observations have shown this to be the most common indication of a feed allergy.
Itching will then causes the dog to lick or chew the area, which further damages the skin, and creates a cycle of
itching, scratching and chewing. If left to develop the infection goes into the deep layers of the skin. Hot spots
tend to occur most often in the summer months, and dogs with matted, dirty coats are at greater risk of
developing them. Some owners keep their long haired dogs shaved in the summer, which helps prevent the thick
coat from covering any dampness on the surface of the skin. Regular grooming enables swift intervention if a hot
spot is developing; often they will simply get worse and worse until treated so veterinary help is advisable. A hot
spot that is left untreated may turn into a lick granuloma, which can be difficult to get rid of.
Typical locations for "hot spots" are the side of the face and the flank areas. Golden retrievers and young dogs
seem to be predisposed, while they are seldom, if ever, found in cats. What to look out for – Scratching or biting
at one area incessantly – A patch of hair loss with reddened moist skin, often with a film of pus – Scabs and
crusts – Surrounding hair wet from saliva. Diagnosis is usually obvious from the clinical signs, but your
veterinarian may be inclined to search for any contributing factors by doing allergy testing, or take a
bacteriology swab so that antibiotic selection is targeted specifically at the bacterium responsible. If the hot
spot is on the dogs back leg it is worth checking the anal glands are not the source of the discomfort by emptying
them. Treatment – Clip the hair around the hot spot. The hot spot may be more extensive than it originally
appears. Clipping will expose the area to the air and accelerate healing (scabbing over) – Topical medication: the
area can be cleaned with an antiseptic solution such as chlorhexidine, and a topical antibiotic cream applied. There
is little point of this if the dog will simply lick the cream off (i.e. use buster collar, or only use topical cream if hot
spot on face) – Break the scratch cycle. To allow the hot spot to heal, the dog must stop scratching at it. A one
off steroid injection is usually very effective, but sometimes a short course of oral steroids is necessary. Your
dog may be more hungry and thirsty while receiving corticosteroids, this is a common side effect. As a
consequence, the dog may need to urinate more frequently than normal. – Oral antibiotics. The best way to deal
with a deep skin infection is to deliver antibiotics to the site of the hot spot via the blood stream. If a hot spot is
quite advanced, at least a 10-14 day course of a broad spectrum antibiotic is required to prevent immediate
recurrence. – Elimination of predisposing factors: aggressive flea control, investigation to rule out food and
pollen allergies etc.
6. Facial fold dermatitis: an infection of the facial skin caused by unusual or excessive skin folds. This can
be treated topically with MalaSab. (See my links page for more information and where to order.)
7. Tail fold dermatitis: a skin infection caused by abnormal tissue folds around the tail, which traps
bacteria and fungus. If your Pug becomes obsessed with itching their butt just above the top of their tail, try a
little anti-fungal foot powder.
Pug Allergies
1. Allergies: same as in humans. Dogs can be allergic to things they come in contact with, eat or inhale. They
might be scratching like crazy, digging open sores on tortured skin, sores that cause infections, foul odors, and
misery – and the culprits could well be part of their natural environment. In short, your Pug might be allergic to
flea saliva, grass or tree pollen, mold spores, microscopic spider-cousins that live in dust bunnies, or an
ingredient in commercial dog food. Most of what I've seen has been a food allergy, usually to the type of meat in
their dog food. You can eliminate most allergens by feeding a high quality food without a lot of added fillers and
chemical preservatives.
Pollen and dust granules are inhaled by dogs just as they are by dog owners, but instead of producing sinus
congestion and a sore throat, they cause the skin to itch, the hair to fall out, and, with prolonged scratching, the
eruption of pustules that often become infected. Most of what I've seen when pollen is the cause has been dry
eyes caused be clogged tear ducts and increased mucus (clear) in the sinuses, which leads to reverse sneezing.
Allergic dry eye can be helped by the application of artificial tears twice a day during the pollen season.
A flea or two can add to the misery, and if Lad is allergic to something in his diet as well, watch out. Allergies can
lead to stomach and intestinal problems, including vomiting and diarrhea, and are often accompanied by ear
infections. Some breeds of dogs seem to be prone to development of allergies, but all dogs can be affected.
Elimination of fleas will prevent flea allergies. Talk to you breeder, or your vet about a good flea preventative
that is safe for your Pug.
2. Atopic dermatitis: a skin disease caused by a dog's reaction to an inhalant allergy.
3. Atopy: an allergy caused from things dogs inhale.
Inhalant allergies
Allergens are substances in the environment that cause the immune system to react as if invaded by a foreign
body. If all dogs reacted to these substances, they would not be allergens, they would be toxins.
These allergens cause mast cells in the skin and basophils (specialized white blood cells) in the blood to release
antibodies that contain histamines, serotonin, and leukotrienes. These antibodies are responsible for allergy
symptoms.
Some inhalant allergies are seasonal. Dogs may be affected by inhaling grass pollen in spring and summer or
ragweed pollen in late summer and early autumn. If this is the case, the dog will start to scratch and bite his
body, lick his paws, shake his head, and rub his face along the carpet for relief from the itch when pollen grains
are swirling in the air. (Also see main allergy section above.)
However, many dogs suffering from allergies itch somewhat year-round because they are also affected by
household dust, mold spores, and other irritants.
Treatment for inhalant allergies ranges from keeping your Pug comfortable with cool baths in shampoos or rinses
containing aloe vera, oatmeal, or eucalyptus to drug therapy to interrupt the itch cycle until the skin can be
healed and the allergen has (hopefully) diminished.
Inclusion of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids in the diet can also help keep skin supple and healthy. Many dog
food companies add these fatty acids to their premium foods. Supplements such as Sea Meal provide not only the
Omega oils but also a balance of vitamins and minerals necessary for good skin and coat health.
Environmental controls include frequent vacuuming and dusting of the areas where the dog spends time and
keeping his bedding dust-free.
Some dogs may get relief from antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), clemastine (Tavist) or
chlorapheniramine (Chlortrimetron), but owners should ask their veterinarian for proper dosage for their pet and
may have to try more than one before finding the formula that helps.
Steroids such as prednisone interfere with the immune system function so that the body no longer considers the
allergens to be invaders. Steroids should be used carefully and sparingly as they may cause liver problems and,
in older dogs, can trigger a form of Cushing’s disease. Steroids also increase appetite and thirst, cause more
frequent urination, and can increase aggression in some dogs. However, small doses of predisone can be
invaluable in treating a dog with chronic or acute allergic reactions when all else fails.
Dogs with allergies can scratch and bite themselves into skin infections that need treatment with antibiotics.
Prednisone is often prescribed for these dogs to get the itching under control while the antibiotic deals with the
bacterial infection.
Fleas
Some dogs become allergic to flea saliva. If this is the case, the bite of a single flea can send a dog into a
paroxysm of chewing, especially around his tail and on his belly and inside hind legs. Dogs with flea bite allergy
are often frantic to ease the itching and may chew themselves raw.
Top on the list for avoiding flea bite dermatitis is to control fleas. First line of defense is regular grooming of
the dog, right down to the skin, to find fleas or flea droppings. Flea products are much safer for dogs and dog
owners these days. Veterinarians have an arsenal of flea products to choose from, including once-a-month
treatments and pills and shampoos, sprays, and premise foggers with growth regulators and genetically-
engineered pyrethrin (daisy) ingredients. Many over-the-counter flea products also contain growth regulators
and pyrethrins.
Some dog owners swear by garlic and brewer’s yeast to keep fleas away, but no evidence exists to prove these
plant products are valuable preventives. Other dog owners plant herbs such as pennyroyal, southernwood, or
wormwood around dog kennels or near doorways and use herbal flea collars, brush lavendar or eucalyptus oil into
the dog’s coat once a week, or sprinkle dried leaves of lavendar, rosemary, sage, or eucalyptus in the dog’s bed
to keep the little bloodsuckers at bay, but the jury is still out on effectiveness.
While waging all-out war on fleas, dog owners should also use the same treatments that work for inhalant
allergies to reduce the itching and ease the discomfort of irritated skin.
Food allergies
Some dogs that have allergies to other components of their environment will also exhibit some dietary problems,
but whether these problems are true food allergies is often difficult to ascertain.
If food allergy is suspected, veterinarian can prescribe diets with protein and carbohydrate sources and other
nutrients that the dog has not been exposed to. Lamb and rice used to be the combination of choice, but most
premium dog food companies now have a lamb and rice diet, so hypoallergenic diets of fish and potatoes or
venison and rice have taken their place.
Dr. Lowell Ackerman, a veterinary dermatologist, recommends home-cooked diets when food allergies or
intolerances are suspected.
“Any suitable protein source may be mixed with rice and/or potatoes to create a hypoallergenic meal,” Ackerman
wrote in Skin and Haircoat Problems in Dogs. “The meal is prepared by mixing one part lamb, rabbit, or venison
(or other protein source to which the dog has never been exposed) with two parts rice and/or potatoes. All
ingredients should be served boiled and fed in the same total volume as the pet’s normal diet. Once cooked, the
meal can be packaged in individual portions, frozen, and then thawed as needed. This diet is not to be fed long-
term. It is not nutritionally balanced to be a regular diet. It is only fed for one or two months at a time as a test
diet.”
When trying to isolate a food allergen, the dog must not get anything but the prescribed diet. If the dog
tolerates the food well and the symptoms decline or disappear, other foods can be gradually reintroduced to
determine which ingredient is the culprit. If the symptoms are not alleviated in four weeks, another
hypoallergenic diet can be tried, and if it is not successful, further diagnostic tests are indicated.
If your dog makes you sneeze . . .
Just as Pugsley may be allergic to grass pollen or dust mites, so Pugsley’s owner may be allergic to something
about his pet. Allergies often develop slowly as the body becomes sensitive to various things in the environment;
just as the final straw is rumored to have broken the camel’s back, so the final allergen may trigger attacks and
make life miserable. Fortunately, there are things to do to minimize the impact so that Pugsley can remain with
the family.
“If you are allergic to six things, get rid of three of them, and you may drop below your allergic threshold and
become symptom-free,” said Dr. Karen Campbell, a small animal veterinarian at the University of Illinois College
of Veterinary Medicine.
Allergies to pets are caused by dander, hair or skin proteins, saliva, or fur itself. These hints can help minimize
contact with these allergens and alleviate the discomfort they cause so that the pet can stay in the home or the
family can acquire a puppy:
1. If looking for a puppy, choose a breed that doesn’t drop dead hair. DO NOT GET A PUG!!! Hard-coated
terriers, Poodles, and Bichon Frisé are considered to be hypoallergenic, that is, less likely to cause allergic
reactions in susceptible people. (They are also less likely to drool, lessening the chance that saliva will cause
allergic reactions in family members.)
2. Keep Pugsley’s skin healthy so that dander and skin eruptions don’t become problems. Bathe him every few
weeks with a mild herbal or medicated shampoo, use a canine cream rinse on his coat, and feed him a diet or
supplements that contain Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids.
3. Ask a non-allergic family member or friend to brush him often.
4. Discourage Pugley from licking or mouthing family members, sleeping on the bed, or climbing on the
furniture.
5. Do not allow Pugsley to sleep in the bedroom.
6. Wash dog bedding frequently to avoid build-up of dander, drool, dust, or hair.
7. Eliminate as many other allergens from the home environment as possible by vacuuming and dusting often,
using an electrostatic air purifier, changing furnace filters regularly, and moderating or ending use of perfumed
cleaners or deodorizers that cause allergic reactions.
Pug Structure
1. Legg-Perthes disease: a disease where the blood vessels feeding the femoral head (top part of the thigh
bone) shrink, leading to starvation and death of the femoral head (the ball of the ball-and-socket joint of the
hip). Also called Legg-Calve'- Perthes disease. This is something that usually happens before a Pug reaches 10
months of age. Early diagnosis is important, so if your Pug starts limping, take him to the vet immediately!
2. Patella luxation: a condition where the knee caps slide in and out of place.
3. Elongated soft palate: the soft palate is abnormally long and causes breathing disorders.
4. Collapsed trachea: a condition where the cartilage rings that make up the trachea are malformed and
tend to collapse easily.
5. Hip dysplasia: a developmental malformation or subluxation of the hip joints.
6. Hanging tongue: a syndrome where the tongue does not retract into the mouth properly, due to neurologic
or anatomic defects.
7. Stenotic nares: a condition where the openings of the nose (nares) are too small.
8. Undershot jaw: a condition where the lower jaw is too long for the upper jaw. While a slightly undershot
jaw is normal for a well bred Pug, severe undershot jaws can lead to wry mouth, hanging tongue, and dental
problems.
Pug Spines
1. Cervical disc disease: a degeneration or malformation of the cushioning discs between the spinal column
bones (vertebrae) in the neck. One of the cardinal signs of cervical disk disease is neck pain. Dogs display this
pain by tightened neck muscles, reluctance to move the neck, inability to lower the head to eat or drink, and
painful cries when the neck is manipulated or touched. Their posture reminds you of a turtle with its head
partially pulled into its shell. They may also walk with the back in an arched position to try to straighten and lower
the neck to avoid pain. Unfortunately this posture is often misinterpreted as a sign of back pain. Probably all
three types of pain (diskogenic, meningeal and radicular) are involved. Nagging neck pain that responds to
appropriate medications and then recurs when medications are withdrawn is a very typical history. Large
quantities of herniated disk material can lie on the floor of the spinal canal without proprioceptive or motor
deficits ever being observed because there simply isn't enough pressure on the spinal cord. However the
irritation causing the pain remains and surgical removal of the herniated material is the only solution. If enough
disk material herniates, ataxia and perhaps motor deficits may be seen. Classically all four limbs will be affect
but this can be highly variable. If disk material herniates mainly to one side, only the limbs on that side of the
body may be affected. Low cervical disk herniations may cause only forelimb or only hind limb involvement. Luckily
there is seldom enough pressure on the spinal cord in cervical disk herniation to cause a loss of deep pain
sensation.
2. Hemivertebra: a particular kind of malformation of the vertebra where only half of the structure is
formed. Can lead to partial or complete paralysis of the hindquarters. Symptoms usually appear before six
months of age and will become stable at or before 13 months of age.
3. Intervertebral disc disease: a disease where the discs between the vertebrae are abnormal and prone
to rupture and misplacement. Intervertebral disk herniation is usually suspected based on the signalmen (breed,
age, sex), history of appropriate clinical dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or
thoracolumbar areas. To make a positive diagnosis, spinal radiographs or x-rays will need to be taken. It is
absolutely imperative that no movement occur and that the muscles along the spinal column be relaxed if an
accurate assessment of vertebral relationships and disk spaces is to be made. Consequently, the only way to get
good quality spinal x-rays is by administering a general anesthetic to the affected dog. The only exception would
be if some other physical abnormality, such as severe heart disease, precludes this being done safely. In that
event, surgical intervention is probably also not an option and specifically locating the offending disk is not
necessary to carry out good medical therapy.
Pug Whelping Issues
1. Dystocia: complications of the birth process (difficult birth).
2. Eclampsia: convulsions usually seen around the time of parturition (whelping). IMMEDIATE veterinary
attention is required to check blood calcium levels and correct before death occurs!!!
3. Uterine inertia, primary: a condition where the uterus does not have the muscular strength to proceed
with the birth process.
4. Cesarean Section: We have had excellent success using Propofol, Isoflurane, IV fluids (0 .9 saline or 2.5
% dextrose) and glycopyrrolate (does not cross blood brain barrier like atropine), but whenever possible it is
best to give the mom plenty of oxygen first, then mask her down and avoid pre-medications. The most important
factor for the puppies is aspirating off excess fluid from the lungs with a bulb syringe.
5. Vaginal hyperplasia: an overgrowth of tissues of the vagina.
6. Prolapsed uterus: a condition where the uterus protrudes into the vaginal canal or through the vaginal
opening.
7. Pyometra: a bacterial infection of the uterus where it fills with pus. This is a life-threatening condition,
which can usually only be treated by immediately spaying your girl. Reproduction Specialist Veterinarians are the
ONLY vets qualified to treat this condition medically! If you see pus or a thick, tomato paste type discharge from
your unspayed female, seek medical attention for her IMMEDIATELY to save her life!!! Symptoms may or may
not be present, and usually occur after a recent heat cycle or breeding. Loss of appetite, lethargy, restlessness,
and or fever are also indications of "closed pyro," which will not include a discharge, but which is even more
dangerous.
Pug Babies' Issues
1. Anasarca: a condition where neonatal puppies have an abnormal accumulation of fluids in their tissues.
While pregnant watch closely for signs of excess water retention. This can be picked up by ultrasound. Some
breeders also note a shiny purple appearance around the nipples as a warning sign. Low sodium diets have helped
anecdotally from some of our breeders as well as prescribing hydrochlorthiazide as a diuretic (see your vet).
"Anasarca" or Congenital Lethal Edema which results in puppies that are swollen many times normal size and
weight (nicknamed walrus or water puppies). These puppies are too large to deliver and while born alive, they
seldom live more than 30 minutes, unless treatment with lasix immediately follows, and/or a c-section is
performed three days prior to the expected due date. (This can ONLY be done if Progesterone testing has been
done and the date ovulation occurred has been established.)
2. Cleft lip: a condition where the two halves of the upper lip do not join together. Cleft palate and cleft lip
are often seen together.
3. Cleft palate: a condition where the roof of the mouth is not closed and the inside of the nose opens into
the mouth. Other malformations of internal organs is usually present, so the prognosis is usually not good for
pups born with this congenital condition. If correctable, any underlying defects may still result in the death of
the puppy at a very young age.
4. Cryptorchidism: a condition where one testicle does not descend into the scrotal sac.
5. Hermaphroditism: a syndrome where the individual has anatomical features of both sexes.
6. Hydrocephalus: a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
This condition usually results in the death of the pup within a few days or weeks. If the pup survives, it will
require special care for the rest of its life.
7. Open fontanel: a condition where the suture lines between bones of the skull do not fuse together
properly. Common in Toy breeds, the skull usually closes as the puppy matures.
8. Umbilical hernia: a break in the abdominal muscle wall at the point where the umbilical cord enters the
body. Can be the result of trauma on the umbilical cord during the whelping process.
9. Hypoglycemia: a syndrome where the animal has abnormally low blood glucose. Can cause a young puppy to
collapse and even have a mild seizure if not treated. Pug puppies are most susceptible to this condition when they
have not eaten for 6 hours or more.
Pug Pee
1. Cystinuria: an abnormal excretion of a substance (cystine) in the urine. Can lead to the formation of
crystals in the bladder which become a breeding ground for infection. Always a possible problem when alkaline
drinking water is given. Can be treated easily if drinking water is the proper ph, and not allowed to become too
high in alkaline ph.
2. Cystitis and cystic calculi: infection of the bladder which often leads to formation of abnormal mineral
deposits (bladder stones).
Pug Brains
1. Encephalitis: an inflammatory condition of the brain causing signs of central nervous system dysfunction
and epilepsy (seizures). A unique form of encephalitis unique to the Pug breed and is called "Pug Dog Encephalitis."
2. Epilepsy: a disease characterized by convulsions (seizures) and/or disturbances of consciousness.
Misc. Pug Conditions
1. Hepatic portosystemic shunt or arteriovenous fistula: a malformation of blood vessels in the liver or an
abnormal communication between the arteries and veins in the liver. This condition usually results in smaller than
normal size, since the nutrition from food is not being absorbed properly.
2. Inguinal hernia: a break in the muscular layer of the body wall occurring at the inguinal canal (where the
back leg meets the body).
3. Kidney aplasia, unilateral: a developmental abnormality where one kidney fails to develop. Also called
renal agenesis.
4. Mastocytoma: a cancer developing from a type of tissue cell known as a mast cell.
5. Syncope: a brief period of fainting or collapse. Pugs are prone to this if their airway is constricted for
even short periods of time.
*******************************************************************************************************
We will add additional information as we have time, and/or as it becomes available.
~Last update 8/28/2008
While this is by no means a complete list, and I do not pretend to be a veterinarian, both Pug owners and
breeders should be familiar with these terms and conditions in order to be informed, and in order to seek
proper care for their Pugs. I will add any information on each condition as I have available, and will indicate those
things breeders should especially take note of that occur with the reproduction process and in newborn puppies.
For more information, do not hesitate to contact me via email at:
windwalkerpugs@yahoo.com
While I do not have first hand experience with many of these conditions, I do have a vast network of other Pug
friends and may be drawing on their experience, so I might refer you to someone with a better understanding of
a specific condition.
If in doubt, always consult your veterinarian. DO NOT refer to this information in an emergency situation!!! Seek
immediate medical attention for your Pug, as this is meant to be an informational tool, ONLY, and should not be a
substitute for veterinary care!!!
That said, many things that baffle Pug owners and their vets can be simple to correct, if the experience of other
Pug owners is utilized and prevention and caution, along with a good dose of common sense are applied. Pugs are
not built like most other breeds of dogs, and their unique structure presents some unique issues.
Just remember, you know your dog better than anyone, and it’s up to you to be his or her primary care giver. All
your information regarding your Pug should always be considered by a veterinarian when making a diagnosis. You
are your Pug’s guardian and protector, and only you can speak for your Pug when things are not right with them.
Just like a human infant, your Pug needs you to protect and love them, and any health issues should be discussed
and understood prior to treatment, if possible. This will ensure your Pug lives a long healthy and happy life.
I have broken down the list of common Pug conditions and health issues into sections. The first being Pug eyes,
since these are the most delicate and easily injured part of your Pug’s anatomy. I’ve added a definition and more
information when I could. I suggest you do a Yahoo search for more information on each subject, for more details.
Pug Eyes
1. Aberrant cilia: eyelashes growing abnormally, such as rubbing against the eyeball. Can be a serious
condition if rubbing against the eyeball. Can lead to corneal ulcers.
2. Burn-out lashes: stitch skin so lashes don't rub. Not life threatening, but very uncomfortable for the dog.
3. Corneal dystrophy: an abnormality of the cornea usually characterized by shallow pits in the surface.
4. Corneal ulcer, superficial: an erosion of the outer membrane and outer surface of the cornea.
5. Epiphora: abnormal draining of tears often due to overproduction.
6. Distichiasis: abnormally growing eyelashes.
7. Entropion: an abnormal rolling in of the eyelid.
8. Keratitis sicca: a condition where one or both eyes do not produce a normal amount or type of tears.
9. Pannus: an immunologic eye disease characterized by abnormal growth of tissue over the cornea.
10. Pigmentary keratitis: an inflammatory condition of the cornea characterized by abnormal pigmentation.
11. Progressive retinal atrophy: a disease where the retina slowly deteriorates, producing night blindness.
12. Ulcerative keratitis: an inflammation of the cornea characterized by the formation of ulcers.
Pug Teeth
1. Abnormal dentition: abnormal placement, number and development of teeth. A common abnormality in
canine dentition is retention of deciduous (baby) teeth. This occurs when the permanent tooth bud does not grow
immediately beneath the deciduous tooth, and therefore does not cause the roots of the deciduous tooth to be
reabsorbed. If a retained tooth causes the permanent tooth to erupt in an abnormal position or causes other
types of problems, it should be extracted.
2. Malocclusion: a condition where the teeth do not meet properly.
3. Retained baby teeth: a common occurrence in young Pugs. Ask your vet to check for retained baby teeth
when you have your puppy spay/neutered. Or, if you acquire an adult Pug, when having your Pug's teeth cleaned,
be sure to tell your vet to remove any retained baby teeth that need to come out.
Pug Skin
1. Acne: same thing, as in humans, affects the muzzle and lip areas. The condition starts before or at
puberty around 5 to 8 months of age. Most dogs improve with age and the condition typically resolves after one
year of age, though some dogs can develop chronic acne. Dogs with canine acne develop multiple blackheads (or
whiteheads) on their chin, lips, and muzzle. Plugs of debris made of natural substances such as keratin and sebum
block the hair follicles, causing focal swellings which can rupture to form scabs. Dogs with this condition have
swellings, scabs and blackheads on their lips, chin and muzzle. Black Pugs seem to have a higher instance of these
and cysts in the area between their toes. These usually do not bother the dog unless a secondary bacterial skin
infection develops. This can cause pain and itching, leading the dog to scratch at his/her face or rub it along the
carpet. Diagnosis is usually straight forward – the characteristic appearance described above, in one of the
known susceptible breeds is usually sufficient. Your vet may decide to take a skin biopsy for confirmation, which
can be done under sedation, local or general anaesthetic and then sent off to a histopathologist for analysis.
2. Demodicosis: a kind of skin disease (mange) caused by microscopic Demodex canis mites living within the
skin layers and producing an immunodeficiency syndrome. This is a common side affect of over-vaccination, or the
onset of puberty in the unlatered Pug. A veterinarian should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment options.
3. Dermatitis, atopic: inflammation and subsequent infection of the skin due to atopy.
4. Dermoid cyst: a small growth composed of skin-like structures.
5. Acute moist dermatitis: known as "hot spots," a localized area of a severely itchy, inflamed and oozing
dermatitis exacerbated by the animal's intense licking and chewing at the spot. Also known as Acute Moist
Dermatitis or Moist Eczema. Hot Spots can seemingly appear spontaneously anywhere on a dogs body and the
area involved can rapidly spread. This raw, unsightly skin disorder has a variety of causes but the most consistent
factor is a bacterial infection. There are a number of kinds of bacteria that can be cultured from a hot spot and
fortunately most respond to oral and topical antibiotics. Anything that irritates or breaks the skin can create the
right environment for bacterial contamination if the skin surface is wet. The body’s response is either to itch or
become inflamed. My personal observations have shown this to be the most common indication of a feed allergy.
Itching will then causes the dog to lick or chew the area, which further damages the skin, and creates a cycle of
itching, scratching and chewing. If left to develop the infection goes into the deep layers of the skin. Hot spots
tend to occur most often in the summer months, and dogs with matted, dirty coats are at greater risk of
developing them. Some owners keep their long haired dogs shaved in the summer, which helps prevent the thick
coat from covering any dampness on the surface of the skin. Regular grooming enables swift intervention if a hot
spot is developing; often they will simply get worse and worse until treated so veterinary help is advisable. A hot
spot that is left untreated may turn into a lick granuloma, which can be difficult to get rid of.
Typical locations for "hot spots" are the side of the face and the flank areas. Golden retrievers and young dogs
seem to be predisposed, while they are seldom, if ever, found in cats. What to look out for – Scratching or biting
at one area incessantly – A patch of hair loss with reddened moist skin, often with a film of pus – Scabs and
crusts – Surrounding hair wet from saliva. Diagnosis is usually obvious from the clinical signs, but your
veterinarian may be inclined to search for any contributing factors by doing allergy testing, or take a
bacteriology swab so that antibiotic selection is targeted specifically at the bacterium responsible. If the hot
spot is on the dogs back leg it is worth checking the anal glands are not the source of the discomfort by emptying
them. Treatment – Clip the hair around the hot spot. The hot spot may be more extensive than it originally
appears. Clipping will expose the area to the air and accelerate healing (scabbing over) – Topical medication: the
area can be cleaned with an antiseptic solution such as chlorhexidine, and a topical antibiotic cream applied. There
is little point of this if the dog will simply lick the cream off (i.e. use buster collar, or only use topical cream if hot
spot on face) – Break the scratch cycle. To allow the hot spot to heal, the dog must stop scratching at it. A one
off steroid injection is usually very effective, but sometimes a short course of oral steroids is necessary. Your
dog may be more hungry and thirsty while receiving corticosteroids, this is a common side effect. As a
consequence, the dog may need to urinate more frequently than normal. – Oral antibiotics. The best way to deal
with a deep skin infection is to deliver antibiotics to the site of the hot spot via the blood stream. If a hot spot is
quite advanced, at least a 10-14 day course of a broad spectrum antibiotic is required to prevent immediate
recurrence. – Elimination of predisposing factors: aggressive flea control, investigation to rule out food and
pollen allergies etc.
6. Facial fold dermatitis: an infection of the facial skin caused by unusual or excessive skin folds. This can
be treated topically with MalaSab. (See my links page for more information and where to order.)
7. Tail fold dermatitis: a skin infection caused by abnormal tissue folds around the tail, which traps
bacteria and fungus. If your Pug becomes obsessed with itching their butt just above the top of their tail, try a
little anti-fungal foot powder.
Pug Allergies
1. Allergies: same as in humans. Dogs can be allergic to things they come in contact with, eat or inhale. They
might be scratching like crazy, digging open sores on tortured skin, sores that cause infections, foul odors, and
misery – and the culprits could well be part of their natural environment. In short, your Pug might be allergic to
flea saliva, grass or tree pollen, mold spores, microscopic spider-cousins that live in dust bunnies, or an
ingredient in commercial dog food. Most of what I've seen has been a food allergy, usually to the type of meat in
their dog food. You can eliminate most allergens by feeding a high quality food without a lot of added fillers and
chemical preservatives.
Pollen and dust granules are inhaled by dogs just as they are by dog owners, but instead of producing sinus
congestion and a sore throat, they cause the skin to itch, the hair to fall out, and, with prolonged scratching, the
eruption of pustules that often become infected. Most of what I've seen when pollen is the cause has been dry
eyes caused be clogged tear ducts and increased mucus (clear) in the sinuses, which leads to reverse sneezing.
Allergic dry eye can be helped by the application of artificial tears twice a day during the pollen season.
A flea or two can add to the misery, and if Lad is allergic to something in his diet as well, watch out. Allergies can
lead to stomach and intestinal problems, including vomiting and diarrhea, and are often accompanied by ear
infections. Some breeds of dogs seem to be prone to development of allergies, but all dogs can be affected.
Elimination of fleas will prevent flea allergies. Talk to you breeder, or your vet about a good flea preventative
that is safe for your Pug.
2. Atopic dermatitis: a skin disease caused by a dog's reaction to an inhalant allergy.
3. Atopy: an allergy caused from things dogs inhale.
Inhalant allergies
Allergens are substances in the environment that cause the immune system to react as if invaded by a foreign
body. If all dogs reacted to these substances, they would not be allergens, they would be toxins.
These allergens cause mast cells in the skin and basophils (specialized white blood cells) in the blood to release
antibodies that contain histamines, serotonin, and leukotrienes. These antibodies are responsible for allergy
symptoms.
Some inhalant allergies are seasonal. Dogs may be affected by inhaling grass pollen in spring and summer or
ragweed pollen in late summer and early autumn. If this is the case, the dog will start to scratch and bite his
body, lick his paws, shake his head, and rub his face along the carpet for relief from the itch when pollen grains
are swirling in the air. (Also see main allergy section above.)
However, many dogs suffering from allergies itch somewhat year-round because they are also affected by
household dust, mold spores, and other irritants.
Treatment for inhalant allergies ranges from keeping your Pug comfortable with cool baths in shampoos or rinses
containing aloe vera, oatmeal, or eucalyptus to drug therapy to interrupt the itch cycle until the skin can be
healed and the allergen has (hopefully) diminished.
Inclusion of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids in the diet can also help keep skin supple and healthy. Many dog
food companies add these fatty acids to their premium foods. Supplements such as Sea Meal provide not only the
Omega oils but also a balance of vitamins and minerals necessary for good skin and coat health.
Environmental controls include frequent vacuuming and dusting of the areas where the dog spends time and
keeping his bedding dust-free.
Some dogs may get relief from antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), clemastine (Tavist) or
chlorapheniramine (Chlortrimetron), but owners should ask their veterinarian for proper dosage for their pet and
may have to try more than one before finding the formula that helps.
Steroids such as prednisone interfere with the immune system function so that the body no longer considers the
allergens to be invaders. Steroids should be used carefully and sparingly as they may cause liver problems and,
in older dogs, can trigger a form of Cushing’s disease. Steroids also increase appetite and thirst, cause more
frequent urination, and can increase aggression in some dogs. However, small doses of predisone can be
invaluable in treating a dog with chronic or acute allergic reactions when all else fails.
Dogs with allergies can scratch and bite themselves into skin infections that need treatment with antibiotics.
Prednisone is often prescribed for these dogs to get the itching under control while the antibiotic deals with the
bacterial infection.
Fleas
Some dogs become allergic to flea saliva. If this is the case, the bite of a single flea can send a dog into a
paroxysm of chewing, especially around his tail and on his belly and inside hind legs. Dogs with flea bite allergy
are often frantic to ease the itching and may chew themselves raw.
Top on the list for avoiding flea bite dermatitis is to control fleas. First line of defense is regular grooming of
the dog, right down to the skin, to find fleas or flea droppings. Flea products are much safer for dogs and dog
owners these days. Veterinarians have an arsenal of flea products to choose from, including once-a-month
treatments and pills and shampoos, sprays, and premise foggers with growth regulators and genetically-
engineered pyrethrin (daisy) ingredients. Many over-the-counter flea products also contain growth regulators
and pyrethrins.
Some dog owners swear by garlic and brewer’s yeast to keep fleas away, but no evidence exists to prove these
plant products are valuable preventives. Other dog owners plant herbs such as pennyroyal, southernwood, or
wormwood around dog kennels or near doorways and use herbal flea collars, brush lavendar or eucalyptus oil into
the dog’s coat once a week, or sprinkle dried leaves of lavendar, rosemary, sage, or eucalyptus in the dog’s bed
to keep the little bloodsuckers at bay, but the jury is still out on effectiveness.
While waging all-out war on fleas, dog owners should also use the same treatments that work for inhalant
allergies to reduce the itching and ease the discomfort of irritated skin.
Food allergies
Some dogs that have allergies to other components of their environment will also exhibit some dietary problems,
but whether these problems are true food allergies is often difficult to ascertain.
If food allergy is suspected, veterinarian can prescribe diets with protein and carbohydrate sources and other
nutrients that the dog has not been exposed to. Lamb and rice used to be the combination of choice, but most
premium dog food companies now have a lamb and rice diet, so hypoallergenic diets of fish and potatoes or
venison and rice have taken their place.
Dr. Lowell Ackerman, a veterinary dermatologist, recommends home-cooked diets when food allergies or
intolerances are suspected.
“Any suitable protein source may be mixed with rice and/or potatoes to create a hypoallergenic meal,” Ackerman
wrote in Skin and Haircoat Problems in Dogs. “The meal is prepared by mixing one part lamb, rabbit, or venison
(or other protein source to which the dog has never been exposed) with two parts rice and/or potatoes. All
ingredients should be served boiled and fed in the same total volume as the pet’s normal diet. Once cooked, the
meal can be packaged in individual portions, frozen, and then thawed as needed. This diet is not to be fed long-
term. It is not nutritionally balanced to be a regular diet. It is only fed for one or two months at a time as a test
diet.”
When trying to isolate a food allergen, the dog must not get anything but the prescribed diet. If the dog
tolerates the food well and the symptoms decline or disappear, other foods can be gradually reintroduced to
determine which ingredient is the culprit. If the symptoms are not alleviated in four weeks, another
hypoallergenic diet can be tried, and if it is not successful, further diagnostic tests are indicated.
If your dog makes you sneeze . . .
Just as Pugsley may be allergic to grass pollen or dust mites, so Pugsley’s owner may be allergic to something
about his pet. Allergies often develop slowly as the body becomes sensitive to various things in the environment;
just as the final straw is rumored to have broken the camel’s back, so the final allergen may trigger attacks and
make life miserable. Fortunately, there are things to do to minimize the impact so that Pugsley can remain with
the family.
“If you are allergic to six things, get rid of three of them, and you may drop below your allergic threshold and
become symptom-free,” said Dr. Karen Campbell, a small animal veterinarian at the University of Illinois College
of Veterinary Medicine.
Allergies to pets are caused by dander, hair or skin proteins, saliva, or fur itself. These hints can help minimize
contact with these allergens and alleviate the discomfort they cause so that the pet can stay in the home or the
family can acquire a puppy:
1. If looking for a puppy, choose a breed that doesn’t drop dead hair. DO NOT GET A PUG!!! Hard-coated
terriers, Poodles, and Bichon Frisé are considered to be hypoallergenic, that is, less likely to cause allergic
reactions in susceptible people. (They are also less likely to drool, lessening the chance that saliva will cause
allergic reactions in family members.)
2. Keep Pugsley’s skin healthy so that dander and skin eruptions don’t become problems. Bathe him every few
weeks with a mild herbal or medicated shampoo, use a canine cream rinse on his coat, and feed him a diet or
supplements that contain Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids.
3. Ask a non-allergic family member or friend to brush him often.
4. Discourage Pugley from licking or mouthing family members, sleeping on the bed, or climbing on the
furniture.
5. Do not allow Pugsley to sleep in the bedroom.
6. Wash dog bedding frequently to avoid build-up of dander, drool, dust, or hair.
7. Eliminate as many other allergens from the home environment as possible by vacuuming and dusting often,
using an electrostatic air purifier, changing furnace filters regularly, and moderating or ending use of perfumed
cleaners or deodorizers that cause allergic reactions.
Pug Structure
1. Legg-Perthes disease: a disease where the blood vessels feeding the femoral head (top part of the thigh
bone) shrink, leading to starvation and death of the femoral head (the ball of the ball-and-socket joint of the
hip). Also called Legg-Calve'- Perthes disease. This is something that usually happens before a Pug reaches 10
months of age. Early diagnosis is important, so if your Pug starts limping, take him to the vet immediately!
2. Patella luxation: a condition where the knee caps slide in and out of place.
3. Elongated soft palate: the soft palate is abnormally long and causes breathing disorders.
4. Collapsed trachea: a condition where the cartilage rings that make up the trachea are malformed and
tend to collapse easily.
5. Hip dysplasia: a developmental malformation or subluxation of the hip joints.
6. Hanging tongue: a syndrome where the tongue does not retract into the mouth properly, due to neurologic
or anatomic defects.
7. Stenotic nares: a condition where the openings of the nose (nares) are too small.
8. Undershot jaw: a condition where the lower jaw is too long for the upper jaw. While a slightly undershot
jaw is normal for a well bred Pug, severe undershot jaws can lead to wry mouth, hanging tongue, and dental
problems.
Pug Spines
1. Cervical disc disease: a degeneration or malformation of the cushioning discs between the spinal column
bones (vertebrae) in the neck. One of the cardinal signs of cervical disk disease is neck pain. Dogs display this
pain by tightened neck muscles, reluctance to move the neck, inability to lower the head to eat or drink, and
painful cries when the neck is manipulated or touched. Their posture reminds you of a turtle with its head
partially pulled into its shell. They may also walk with the back in an arched position to try to straighten and lower
the neck to avoid pain. Unfortunately this posture is often misinterpreted as a sign of back pain. Probably all
three types of pain (diskogenic, meningeal and radicular) are involved. Nagging neck pain that responds to
appropriate medications and then recurs when medications are withdrawn is a very typical history. Large
quantities of herniated disk material can lie on the floor of the spinal canal without proprioceptive or motor
deficits ever being observed because there simply isn't enough pressure on the spinal cord. However the
irritation causing the pain remains and surgical removal of the herniated material is the only solution. If enough
disk material herniates, ataxia and perhaps motor deficits may be seen. Classically all four limbs will be affect
but this can be highly variable. If disk material herniates mainly to one side, only the limbs on that side of the
body may be affected. Low cervical disk herniations may cause only forelimb or only hind limb involvement. Luckily
there is seldom enough pressure on the spinal cord in cervical disk herniation to cause a loss of deep pain
sensation.
2. Hemivertebra: a particular kind of malformation of the vertebra where only half of the structure is
formed. Can lead to partial or complete paralysis of the hindquarters. Symptoms usually appear before six
months of age and will become stable at or before 13 months of age.
3. Intervertebral disc disease: a disease where the discs between the vertebrae are abnormal and prone
to rupture and misplacement. Intervertebral disk herniation is usually suspected based on the signalmen (breed,
age, sex), history of appropriate clinical dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or
thoracolumbar areas. To make a positive diagnosis, spinal radiographs or x-rays will need to be taken. It is
absolutely imperative that no movement occur and that the muscles along the spinal column be relaxed if an
accurate assessment of vertebral relationships and disk spaces is to be made. Consequently, the only way to get
good quality spinal x-rays is by administering a general anesthetic to the affected dog. The only exception would
be if some other physical abnormality, such as severe heart disease, precludes this being done safely. In that
event, surgical intervention is probably also not an option and specifically locating the offending disk is not
necessary to carry out good medical therapy.
Pug Whelping Issues
1. Dystocia: complications of the birth process (difficult birth).
2. Eclampsia: convulsions usually seen around the time of parturition (whelping). IMMEDIATE veterinary
attention is required to check blood calcium levels and correct before death occurs!!!
3. Uterine inertia, primary: a condition where the uterus does not have the muscular strength to proceed
with the birth process.
4. Cesarean Section: We have had excellent success using Propofol, Isoflurane, IV fluids (0 .9 saline or 2.5
% dextrose) and glycopyrrolate (does not cross blood brain barrier like atropine), but whenever possible it is
best to give the mom plenty of oxygen first, then mask her down and avoid pre-medications. The most important
factor for the puppies is aspirating off excess fluid from the lungs with a bulb syringe.
5. Vaginal hyperplasia: an overgrowth of tissues of the vagina.
6. Prolapsed uterus: a condition where the uterus protrudes into the vaginal canal or through the vaginal
opening.
7. Pyometra: a bacterial infection of the uterus where it fills with pus. This is a life-threatening condition,
which can usually only be treated by immediately spaying your girl. Reproduction Specialist Veterinarians are the
ONLY vets qualified to treat this condition medically! If you see pus or a thick, tomato paste type discharge from
your unspayed female, seek medical attention for her IMMEDIATELY to save her life!!! Symptoms may or may
not be present, and usually occur after a recent heat cycle or breeding. Loss of appetite, lethargy, restlessness,
and or fever are also indications of "closed pyro," which will not include a discharge, but which is even more
dangerous.
Pug Babies' Issues
1. Anasarca: a condition where neonatal puppies have an abnormal accumulation of fluids in their tissues.
While pregnant watch closely for signs of excess water retention. This can be picked up by ultrasound. Some
breeders also note a shiny purple appearance around the nipples as a warning sign. Low sodium diets have helped
anecdotally from some of our breeders as well as prescribing hydrochlorthiazide as a diuretic (see your vet).
"Anasarca" or Congenital Lethal Edema which results in puppies that are swollen many times normal size and
weight (nicknamed walrus or water puppies). These puppies are too large to deliver and while born alive, they
seldom live more than 30 minutes, unless treatment with lasix immediately follows, and/or a c-section is
performed three days prior to the expected due date. (This can ONLY be done if Progesterone testing has been
done and the date ovulation occurred has been established.)
2. Cleft lip: a condition where the two halves of the upper lip do not join together. Cleft palate and cleft lip
are often seen together.
3. Cleft palate: a condition where the roof of the mouth is not closed and the inside of the nose opens into
the mouth. Other malformations of internal organs is usually present, so the prognosis is usually not good for
pups born with this congenital condition. If correctable, any underlying defects may still result in the death of
the puppy at a very young age.
4. Cryptorchidism: a condition where one testicle does not descend into the scrotal sac.
5. Hermaphroditism: a syndrome where the individual has anatomical features of both sexes.
6. Hydrocephalus: a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
This condition usually results in the death of the pup within a few days or weeks. If the pup survives, it will
require special care for the rest of its life.
7. Open fontanel: a condition where the suture lines between bones of the skull do not fuse together
properly. Common in Toy breeds, the skull usually closes as the puppy matures.
8. Umbilical hernia: a break in the abdominal muscle wall at the point where the umbilical cord enters the
body. Can be the result of trauma on the umbilical cord during the whelping process.
9. Hypoglycemia: a syndrome where the animal has abnormally low blood glucose. Can cause a young puppy to
collapse and even have a mild seizure if not treated. Pug puppies are most susceptible to this condition when they
have not eaten for 6 hours or more.
Pug Pee
1. Cystinuria: an abnormal excretion of a substance (cystine) in the urine. Can lead to the formation of
crystals in the bladder which become a breeding ground for infection. Always a possible problem when alkaline
drinking water is given. Can be treated easily if drinking water is the proper ph, and not allowed to become too
high in alkaline ph.
2. Cystitis and cystic calculi: infection of the bladder which often leads to formation of abnormal mineral
deposits (bladder stones).
Pug Brains
1. Encephalitis: an inflammatory condition of the brain causing signs of central nervous system dysfunction
and epilepsy (seizures). A unique form of encephalitis unique to the Pug breed and is called "Pug Dog Encephalitis."
2. Epilepsy: a disease characterized by convulsions (seizures) and/or disturbances of consciousness.
Misc. Pug Conditions
1. Hepatic portosystemic shunt or arteriovenous fistula: a malformation of blood vessels in the liver or an
abnormal communication between the arteries and veins in the liver. This condition usually results in smaller than
normal size, since the nutrition from food is not being absorbed properly.
2. Inguinal hernia: a break in the muscular layer of the body wall occurring at the inguinal canal (where the
back leg meets the body).
3. Kidney aplasia, unilateral: a developmental abnormality where one kidney fails to develop. Also called
renal agenesis.
4. Mastocytoma: a cancer developing from a type of tissue cell known as a mast cell.
5. Syncope: a brief period of fainting or collapse. Pugs are prone to this if their airway is constricted for
even short periods of time.
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We will add additional information as we have time, and/or as it becomes available.
~Last update 8/28/2008
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